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Dear Jodee, In trying to lose 20 pounds, my friend began a low-carbohydrate diet because she
claimed that her weight gain was caused by her love for carbohydrates.  Three weeks into the diet
she began to feel irritable and at times depressed.  She called to ask me if this was a typical
response to low-carb dieting, not knowing whether the diet was causing her mood swings or if it
was something else.  What has made low-carb diets so popular, how do they work, and can they
affect your mood? Asking for a friend… D.J. Texas USA.

Dear DJ, new research suggested that a carbohydrate-controlled approach to dieting was more
effective for weight loss than low-fat diets.  It is estimated that there are currently 30 million people
in the U.S. following some sort of diet that restricts carbohydrate intake.  There are over 200 low-
carb specialty retailer locations, low-carb cooking shows, and many low-carb diet programs such as
Atkins and South Beach.  There are even low-carb specific magazines such as Low Carb Living.  
Low-carb diets call for participants to restrict their carb intake so that their body burns more
glycogen (stored carbohydrates) for energy.  Super low-carb diets can even force the body to burn
fat and protein instead of carbohydrates by using a metabolic process called ketosis.  Low-carb
dieters are also susceptible to mood swings, according to researchers at the Massachusetts
Institute of Technology Clinical Research Center (MIT) in Boston.  Studies on rats have shown a
connection between a diet low in carbohydrates and low levels of serotonin—a neurotransmitter
that promotes feelings of happiness and satisfaction.  Rats placed on a low-carb diet for three
weeks had lower levels of serotonin in their brains.  Researchers believe the same effect occurs in
humans on low-carb diets and leads to pronounced feelings of depression and well ‘bitchyness”
…However, not everyone experiences differences in mood when on a low-carb diet.  Some people
may not see a difference in their attitude because their bodies may digest carbohydrate at a
steadier rate, or they may have naturally higher levels of serotonin in their brains.  A more
moderate approach to losing weight is to choose a diet with an appropriate amount of calories for
weight loss that includes complex carbohydrates and lean proteins and is plentiful in fruits and
vegetables
So why are we such Bitches when dieting? No it is not PMS. Mood Swings during dieting are as
common as carb diets these days, and effect both men and women dieters. One day you're
swinging high up in the clouds over your Diet Success, the next  your pissy because you're
scales haven’t risen a pound or two, and in some cases hasn’t moved or actually gone up!! (This
is why I tell everyone to measure and not weigh!!)
Is the Mood Swing a good swing or an evil swing?  Well, as life demonstrates, swingers can be
both good and bad. Let's attack the positives of The Mood Swing:
Positives:
You are obviously in tune with your diet or you wouldn't be in a bitchy mood. So whether you are
experiencing 'good readings on your scales' or 'bad', at least you're doing something about your
diet! Bravo!!
These swinging moods further indicate that your body is in motion, changing to catch up with
what you are accomplishing on a day to day basis.
Bad moods, sad moods, fitful moods, and no-chocolate-crying moods are all very temporary, so
take comfort in that. Eventually, The Mood Swing tocks back down to an even swing.
Study “Semi-Starvation” and “EATING DISORDERS” The experiment involved carefully studying 36
young, healthy, psychologically normal men while restricting their caloric intake for 6 months.
More than 100 men volunteered for the study as an alternative to military service; the 36 selected
had the highest levels of physical and psychological health, as well as the most commitment to the
objectives of the experiment. What makes the "starvation study" (as it is commonly known) so
important is that many of the experiences observed in the volunteers are the same as those
experienced by patients with eating disorders.
During the first 3 months of the semi-starvation experiment, the volunteers ate normally while
their behavior, personality, and eating patterns were studied in detail. During the next 6 months,
the men were restricted to approximately half of their former food intake and lost, on average,
approximately 25% of their former weight. Although this was described as a study of "semi-
starvation," it is important to keep in mind that cutting the men's rations to half of their former
intake is precisely the level of caloric deficit used to define "conservative" treatments for obesity
(Stunkard, 1993). The 6 months of weight loss were followed by 3 months of rehabilitation, during
which the men were gradually re fed. A subgroup was followed for almost 9 months after the re-
feeding began. Most of the results were reported for only 32 men, since 4 men were withdrawn
either during or at the end of the semi-starvation phase. Although the individual responses to
weight loss varied considerably, the men experienced dramatic physical, psychological, and social
changes. In most cases, these changes persisted during the rehabilitation or re-nourishment
phase.
Attitudes and Behavior Related to Food and Eating
One of the most of the striking changes that occurred in the volunteers was a dramatic increase in
food preoccupations. The men found concentration on their usual activities increasingly difficult,
because they became plagued by incessant thoughts of food and eating. (Does that sound
familiar?) During the semi-starvation phase of the experiment, food became a principal topic of
conversation, reading, and daydreams.
One man was released from the experiment at the end of the semi-starvation period because of
suspicions that he was unable to adhere to the diet.
Although the subjects were psychologically healthy prior to the experiment, most experienced
significant emotional deterioration as a result of semi-starvation.
Irritability and frequent outbursts of anger were common, although the men had quite tolerant
dispositions prior to starvation. For most subjects, anxiety became more evident. As the
experiment progressed, many of the formerly even-tempered men began biting their nails or
smoking because they felt nervous. (Interesting men do the same thing that women who starve
do…). During the re-feeding period some men actually becoming more irritable, argumentative,
and negativistic than they had been during semi-starvation (If they were women they would have
coined all of those emotions into saying ‘BITCH LIKE”).
During re-feeding, found that metabolism speeded up, with those consuming the greatest number
of calories experiencing the largest rise in BMR. The group of volunteers who received a
relatively small increment in calories during re-feeding (400 calories more than during semi-
starvation) had no rise in BMR for the first 3 weeks. Consuming larger amounts of food caused a
sharp increase in the energy burned through metabolic processes.
Significance of the "Starvation Study"
As is readily apparent from the preceding description of the Minnesota experiment, many of the
symptoms that might have been thought to be specific to anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa
are actually the results of starvation). These are not limited to food and weight, but extend to
virtually all areas of psychological and social functioning. The profound effects of starvation also
illustrate the tremendous adaptive capacity of the human body and the intense biological
pressure on the organism to maintain a relatively consistent body weight. This makes complete
evolutionary sense. Over hundreds of thousands of years of human evolution, a major threat to
the survival of the organism was starvation. If weight had not been carefully modulated and
controlled internally, early humans most certainly would simply have died when food was scarce or
when their interest was captured by countless other aspects of living. The "starvation study"
illustrates how the human being becomes more oriented toward food when starved and how other
pursuits important to the survival of the species (e.g., social and sexual functioning) become
subordinate to the primary drive toward food.
One of the most notable implications of the Minnesota experiment is that it challenges the popular
notion that body weight is easily altered if one simply exercises a bit of "willpower." It also
demonstrates that the body is not simply "reprogrammed" at a lower set point once weight loss
has been achieved. The volunteers' experimental diet was unsuccessful in overriding their
bodies' strong propensity to defend a particular weight level. Again, it is important to emphasize
that following the months of re-feeding, the Minnesota volunteers did not skyrocket into obesity.
On the average, they gained back their original weight plus about 10%; then, over the next 6
months, their weight gradually declined. By the end of the follow-up period, they were
approaching their pre-experiment weight levels.
Providing patients with eating disorders with the above account of the semi-starvation study can
be very useful in giving them an "explanation" for many of the emotional, cognitive and behavioral
symptoms that they experience.  It is further assumed that patients may be less likely to persist in
self-defeating symptoms if they are made truly aware of the scientific evidence regarding factors
that perpetuate eating disorders. The educational approach conveys the message that the
responsibility for change rests with the patient; this is aimed at increasing motivation and
reducing defensiveness.
References
Crisp, A. J. (1980)). Anorexia Nervosa: Let me be. London: Academic Press.
Crisp, A. H., Hsu, L. K. G., & Harding, B. (1980). The starving hoarder and voracious spender:
Stealing in anorexia nervosa. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 24, 225-231.
Garner, D.M. (1997). Psychoeducational principles in the treatment of eating disorders. In:
Handbook for Treatment of Eating Disorders. (145-177). D.M. Garner & P.E. Garfinkel (Eds). New
York, NY: Guilford Press.
Fantino, M., & Cabanac, M. (1980). Body weight regulation with a proportional hoarding response
in the rat. Physiology and Behavior, 24, 939-942.
Keys, A., Brozek, J., Henschel, A., Mickelsen, O., & Taylor, H. L. (1950). The biology of human
starvation (2 vols.). Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
Pirke, K. M., & Ploog, D. (1987). Biology of human starvation. In P. J. V. Beumont, G. D. Burrows, & R.
C. Casper (Eds.), Handbook of eating disorders: Part 1 Anorexia and bulimia nervosa (pp. 79-102).
New York: Elsevier.
Platte, P., Wurmser, H., Wade, S. E., Mecheril, A., & Pirke, K. M. (1996). Resting metabolic rate and
diet-induced thermogenesis in restrained and unrestrained eaters. International Journal of Eating
Disorders, 20, 33-41.
Polivy, J., Zeitlin, S.B., Herman, C.P. & Beal, A.L. (1994). Food restriction and binge eating: A study
of former prisioners of war. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 103, 409-411.
Polivy, J., & Herman, C.P. (1985). Dieting and bingeing: A causal analysis. American Psychologist,
40, 193-201.
Polivy, J., & Herman, C. P. (1987). Diagnosis and treatment of normal eating. Journal of Consulting
and Clinical Psychology, 55, 635-644.
Stunkard, A. J. (1993). Introduction and overview. In A. J. Stunkard & T. A. Wadden (Eds.), Obesity:
Theory and therapy (2nd Ed., pp. 1-10). New York: Raven Press.
Wardle, J., & Beinart, H. (1981). Binge eating: A theoretical review. British Journal of Clinical
Psychology, 19-20, 97-109.
Home Exercises… Always see a doctor before beginning any exercise or diet program.

To lose weight effectively and in a healthy way you need to be doing exercise either in
the gym or at home. To do this you must ensure you are fulfilling the four areas of
exercise and using the key techniques within each area to be successful. This can then
be combined to the nutrition ideal for your individual body chemistry and you will lose
weight.

Cardiovascular (aerobic) training outside the gym.

The simple way to do this is to start walking. This under rated act will increase your
energy levels, fitness and contribute to fat loss.

If very new to exercising again do not put undue pressure upon yourself, instead start
by just going for a 5 - 10 minute walk and gradually increase. Incorporate walking into
your lifestyle e.g. walk to the shops instead of driving, walk at lunchtime instead of
working through it etc. IF you do this you will soon notice improvements after just a
short while of making walking part of your life.

If you are already active then you should consider power walking, which is walking at a
fast pace so you are out of breath or jogging (assuming your muscles can protect the
joints). Other ways of doing aerobic exercise would be to start swimming, cycling etc

The key to losing weight with whatever exercise you do is examining whether you are
getting out of breath (only slightly rather than panting for dear life). Once you can
perform this for duration ask yourself if you can step up the intensity. The emphasis
should be on short sharp bouts of aerobic exercise to lose weight effectively.

Resistance training in the house

Resistance training is most easily performed within a gym but this is not a necessity.
Resistance training is performing a movement that brings fatigue to the muscles before
you have performed 15 repetitions. Therefore any exercise that can be manipulated to
do this is resistance exercise.

For those new to resistance training the best way to start is by performing the two key
resistance training exercises below. If done correctly they will greatly contribute to
creating the hormonal environment inside the body that is conductive to weight loss:

Squat

The ability to squat down to the floor is a fundamental and essential trait in life. To do a
squat simply:

Stand by a chair.
Crouch down so that your buttocks touch the chair and then return to the standing
position. This exercise is just like sitting down except you are not letting your body
weight rest on the chair before standing up.
Increase difficulty by using a lower chair until you can bend the knees to a 90 degrees
angle.
Add in extra weight as necessary to ensure you are at the point of fatigue before 15 reps.

Lunge

The ability to step forward with balance and control is essential in everyday movement.
To perform a lunge:

Take a slightly larger than normal step forward.
Keeping your front knee over your foot drop down so the back knee is one inch from
the floor. (Do not let the front knee go past the toes as can cause pain)
Push off your front leg to return to the start
Repeat with your other leg
Add in extra weight as necessary to ensure you are at the point of fatigue before 15 reps.
Perform these exercises a few times per week and work up to 15 repetitions of each
exercise then add in extra weight in any form possible.

This process can then be extended to other exercises to target the whole body.

Core training

The core is trained when performing certain resistance exercises e.g. squat, lunge but
needs to be isolated out also. The simplest thing you can do is to practice contracting
the key core muscles that support the lower back; these are the deep stomach and
pelvic floor muscles. Contracting these together is called 'engaging the core'
Using this principle you can then perform any number of holds to challenge the muscles
around the mid section. Using a Swiss ball is a great way to do this as it adds variety and
fun into the programmed.

Flexibility training

To retain and develop flexibility you should be doing an active stretching routine every
morning and a static stretching routine to restore ideal posture by stretching the tight
muscles.

Keys to home training

The key to home training is intensity and variation. The main problem that training
outside the gym presents is how to progress the resistance exercise so fatigue is
induced before 15 reps. When done correctly everyone is capable of lifting quite heavy
weights which will bring the benefits of weight loss and improved health. The key is
keeping the weight used at a high enough intensity to challenge you. Aerobic training
must also be increased in intensity to keep you challenged and not over performed as it
will break the body down and inhibit weight loss.

When done correctly home training can be very powerful but if done incorrectly no more
effectively than doing it wrong in the gym.

Rules of Weight Loss
To lose one pound, you must burn approximately 3500 calories over and above what you
already burn doing daily activities. Whew...that sounds impossible doesn't it? Here's how
it works.
1.        Calculate your BMR (basal metabolic rate). Your BMR is what your body needs to
maintain normal functions like breathing, digestion, etc.
2.        Calculate your activity level. Use a calorie calculator to figure out how many
calories you burn while sitting, standing, exercising, lifting weights, etc. throughout the
day.
3.        Keep track of how many calories you eat. Use a food journal to add up what you
eat and drink during the day. If you're eating fewer calories than you're burning, you'll
lose weight.
Example:
Mary's BMR is 1400 calories and she burns 900 calories in daily activity. To maintain her
weight, she should be eating 2300 calories but, after keeping a food journal, Mary finds
that she's eating 2550 calories every day. By eating 250 more calories than her body
needs, Mary will gain one pound every 2 weeks.
This example shows how easy it is to gain weight without even knowing it. But it's also
easy to lose weight. In fact, you can start losing weight right now by making a few simple
changes. If you can burn an extra 500 calories each day, you'll lose a pound a week and
you won't even have to change your clothes.

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